Pinealon Peptide Bioregulator Description
Pinealon is aย synthetic tripeptide bioregulator composed of the amino acids L-glutamic acid, L-aspartic acid, and L-arginine (Glu-Asp-Arg/EDR). Classified as aย cytogen, it interacts directly withย DNA to modulate gene expression, distinguishing itย from receptor-dependent peptides. Developed fromย Russian research on neuroprotective agents, Pinealonย targets the pineal gland andย central nervous system with multi-modal biological activity.
Peptide Information
| Property |
Value |
| Peptide Sequence |
Glu-Asp-Arg |
| Molecular Formula |
C15H26N6O8 |
| Molecular Weight |
418.40 g/mol |
| CAS Number |
175175-23-2 |
| PubChem CID |
18220191 |
| Synonyms |
Glutamylaspartylarginine, Glu-Asp-Arg, H-Glu-Asp-Arg-OH, L-Glu-L-Asp-L-Arg, 175175-23-2 |
Pinealon Structure
Source: PubChem
Pinealon Research
Pinealon (Glu-Asp-Arg) is a synthetic peptide bioregulator with diverse biological activities, including enhancing learning and memory, exhibiting antioxidant and neuroprotective properties, and regulating neuroinflammatory responses. Its ability to interact with DNA and correct neurochemical disturbances further underscores its potential therapeutic applications in various neurological and metabolic disorders.
Effects on Learning and Memory
Pinealon has been shown to have a significant impact on learning and memory, particularly in the context of experimental diabetes in rats. In a study using the Morris water maze, pinealon was administered at various doses, and it was found that a dose of 100 ng/kg had the most positive effect on maintaining acquired skills during streptozotocin-induced diabetes. This dose also resulted in minimal changes in the expression levels of NMDA receptor subunit genes, suggesting a protective effect on cognitiveย functions.1
Cellular Penetration and DNA Interaction
Pinealon, along with other short peptides, has demonstrated the ability to penetrate animal cells and interact with nuclear components, including DNA. This interaction is sequence-specific, with pinealon showing a preference for binding to CAG-containing sequences. Such interactions suggest that pinealon may play a role in regulating gene activity through epigeneticย mechanisms.2
Antioxidant and Neuroprotective Properties
Pinealon exhibits antioxidant properties by restricting reactive oxygen species (ROS) accumulation and reducing necrotic cell death in various cell types. It also modulates the cell cycle, indicating its potential to interact directly with the cell genome beyond its antioxidantย activity.3 Additionally, pinealon has been shown to protect rat offspring from prenatal hyperhomocysteinemia, improving cognitive function and resistance to oxidative stress inย neurons.4
Antihypoxic Effects
Pinealon has demonstrated pronounced antihypoxic properties, particularly in models of hypobaric hypoxia. It enhances neuronal resistance to hypoxic stress by stimulating internal antioxidative enzyme systems and potentially limiting excitotoxicย effects.5
Regulation of Neuroinflammatory Responses
In conditions of sharp hypoxic hypoxia, pinealon has been observed to promote neurogenesis and reduce neuroinflammatory reactions, suggesting its potential in managing brain hypoxia and relatedย conditions.6
Correction of Neurochemical Disturbances
Pinealon has been effective in correcting hyperhomocysteinemia-induced disturbances in the diurnal dynamics of norepinephrine content in the hypothalamus, which is crucial for reproductive function in female rats. This highlights its neuroprotective effects and therapeutic potential in reproductive health research.7
References
- Karantysh, G., Fomenko, M., Menzheritskii, A., Prokofโev, V., Ryzhak, G., & Butenko, E. (2020). Effect of Pinealon on Learning and Expression of NMDA Receptor Subunit Genes in the Hippocampus of Rats with Experimental Diabetes.ย Neurochemical Journal, 14, 314-320.ย https://doi.org/10.1134/S181971242003006X.
- Fedoreyeva, L., Kireev, I., Khavinson, V., & Vanyushin, B. (2011). Penetration of short fluorescence-labeled peptides into the nucleus in HeLa cells and in vitro specific interaction of the peptides with deoxyribooligonucleotides and DNA.ย Biochemistry (Moscow), 76, 1210-1219.ย https://doi.org/10.1134/S0006297911110022.
- Khavinson, V., Ribakova, Y., Kulebiakin, K., Vladychenskaya, E., Kozina, L., Arutjunyan, A., & Boldyrev, A. (2011). Pinealon increases cell viability by suppression of free radical levels and activating proliferative processes..ย Rejuvenation research, 14 5, 535-41 .ย https://doi.org/10.1089/rej.2011.1172.
- Arutjunyan, A., Kozina, L., Stvolinskiy, S., Bulygina, Y., Mashkina, A., & Khavinson, V. (2012). Pinealon protects the rat offspring from prenatal hyperhomocysteinemia..ย International journal of clinical and experimental medicine, 5 2, 179-85. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22567179/.
- Kozina, L. (2008). [Investigation of antihypoxic properties of short peptides]..ย Advances in gerontology = Uspekhi gerontologii, 21 1, 61-7. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18546825/.
- Mendzheritskii, A., Karantysh, G., Ryzhak, G., & Dem’ianenko, S. (2014). [Regulation of content of cytokines in blood serum and of caspase-3 activity in brains of old rats in model of sharp hypoxic hypoxia with Cortexin and Pinealon]..ย Advances in gerontology = Uspekhi gerontologii, 27 1, 94-7. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25051764/.
- Korenevskii, A., Arutyunyan, A., Milyutina, Y., Zaloznyaya, I., & Kozina, L. (2014). Pinealon corrects hyperhomocysteinemia-induced disturbances of the diurnal dynamics of hypothalamic norepinephrine content in female rats.ย Neurochemical Journal, 8, 205 – 207.ย https://doi.org/10.1134/S1819712414030088.
